1st Semester Science Study Guide
Force- any action that changes the location of an object, the shape of an object or how fast or slowly an object is moving
Work – something that happens when a force moves an object
Stored Energy – energy that has not been used yet
What are the different types of stored energy:
Inertia – keeps objects still and keeps objects moving.
Forces – make objects start to move, and forces stop objects from moving, but forces do not keep objects moving.
Friction – a force that will stop objects from moving
Gravity – a force that pulls objects to the earth
Who created the Ball Drop experiment? Galileo
What did the Ball Drop experiment prove? If a heavy ball and a light ball are dropped at the same time, they will both hit the ground at the same time.
Observation – when you look at something closely and notice details
Energy – something that gives something else the ability to do work
Energy is conserved – it doesn’t get lost. It just changes from one form to another form.
Mass – how heavy something is. Everything with mass has inertia. The more mass the more inertia something has.
Atoms – a very small element that everything in the universe is built with. You cannot see atoms with your eyes. Every object has mass because every object is made out of atoms. Some atoms can hook together (bond) with more atoms than others. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged.
Molecule – when 2 or more atoms are connected. It can make things taste different, feel different, look different, or smell different.
What atoms make water? 2 Hydrogen & 1 Oxygen
Chemical reaction – when molecules interact and atoms move places. The stored chemical energy inside the atoms and molecules is released and used to do work (rearranging the atoms)
Chemical stored energy – the energy stored in atoms and molecules
H – hydrogen
O – oxygen
C – Carbon
Na – Sodium
B – Boron
Au – Gold
K – Potassium
Mg – Magnesium
Fe – iron
N – nitrogen
Al – aluminum
I – iodine
Cl – chlorine
He – helium
Cu – copper
Zn – zinc
Li – lithium
Ca – calcium
All living things: reproduce, need nutrients, grow, move
Reproduce – make babies
Need – something a living thing must have
What do plants need to grow? Space, air, soil (sometimes), water, sunlight
Shelter – a safe place to live
Animal adaptation – when part of an animal changes (over generations – through many baby’s baby’s) to help them better survive
Examples of animal adaptations: bird beaks, bird feet (webbing helps ducks swim), fur, claws, jack rabbit ears (are big to cool the blood so they don’t overheat)
Habitat – the place something lives where all of their needs are met
List examples of habitats: desert, forest, meadow, grasslands, arctic, rainforest, ocean (coral reef)
What are 2 animals that live in each habitat?
Desert – tarantula, snake, jackrabbit, kangaroo mouse, scorpion
Forest – squirrel, bear, deer, birds, raccoon, moose, fox, owl
Meadow – deer, rabbits, mice, butterflies, birds, bees, frogs, foxes
Grasslands – giraffe, elephants, cheetah, lion, gazelle
Arctic – polar bear, penguins, Narwhal (unicorn whale), arctic fox, fish
Rainforest (jungle) – snakes, parrots, toucan, sloth, jaguar, frog, harpy eagle, gorilla
Ocean – fish, crabs, coral, dolphins, whales, anemone, sea turtles, oysters &clams, seals
Climate – the weather conditions in an area
Carnivore – something that eats meat – give examples of carnivores
Herbivore – something that eats plants – give examples of herbivores
Omnivores – something that eats plants and animals – give examples of omnivores
Predator – an animal that eats another animal
Prey – an animal that gets eaten by another animal
Food Chain – a group of living organisms that depend on each other for food. A small animal eats a plant, the small animal is eaten by a bigger animal, a bigger animal eats that animal, etc.
Living things change where they live. Examples: beavers build dams that change the ways water flows, tree roots can break rock or lift the sidewalk
Kingdoms – groups that scientists use to sort living things
What are the 5 Kingdoms: Plantae (plants), Animalia (animals), Monera (bacteria), Protista (algae, seaweed), & Fungi (mushrooms)
Cells – atoms & molecules in living things fit together to make cells. Cells are designed to fit together to make parts of living things. Cells are like cities because they have many parts that do different things.
Nucleus – the center part of a cell that holds important information called DNA
Golgi Apparatus – sorts and packages the proteins made by ribosomes
Ribosomes – the “factory” that makes proteins
Microtubules – roads that move proteins from place to place
Kinesin – the “trucks” that carry the proteins on the “road”
Organelle – “factories” inside the cell that do a special job
Chloroplast – a food factory (organelle) for a plant
Chlorophyll – the molecule that catches sunlight
Photosynthesis – the process plants use to turn sunlight into food
What part of the plant has chloroplasts? The green parts
What makes a part of a plant green? Chlorophyll molecule
Why do leaves change color? There isn’t enough sunlight in the winter for the leaves to make sugar for food. It takes a lot of energy for the tree to make food. When the tree senses that the days are getting shorter, the trees stop making chlorophyll, the leaves change color and fall off, and the tree goes to sleep.
What are the parts of a plant? Flower, stem, leaf, roots
Roots- the part of the plant that goes below the soil to get water and nutrients and hold the plant in place
Leaves – take in sunlight to make food for the plant
Stem – takes in sunlight to make food for the plant and transports nutrients
Flower – the part of the plant that turns into fruit and holds seeds for new plants
Microscopic – something so small you can only see it with a microscope
Seeds – new plants grow from seedsy8
Seed embryo – tiny baby plant inside the seed
Seedling – baby plants that have just started to grow from an embryo
Cycle – something that repeats itself
Life cycle – how life repeats itself.
Life cycle of a flowering plant – a seed is planted; it grows from an embryo to a seedling to a plant; the plant grows a flower; the flower turns into a fruit; the fruit contains seeds
What are the 5 main branches of science: Biology, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, Physics
Astronomy – the study of the cosmos (space and all the objects found in space)
Biology – the study of living organisms
Chemistry – the study of what things are made out of
Geology – the study of the Earth
Physics – the study of how things work - the rules of the cosmos
Cosmos – the Earth and everything that extends beyond Earth, including planets, stars, nebulae, asteroids, black holes, etc
Nicolaus Copernicus – an astronomer who use math to prove that the Earth moves around the Sun.
Did people believe Copernicus? No, and many were mad
Why were people upset with Copernicus? People do not like change or new ideas that change the way they understand the world around them.
Sighting tube – a hallow tube used to look at a piece of the sky
Tycho Brahe – an astronomer who used sighting tubes to discover that the stars move
Galileo Galilei – an astronomer who did experiments to prove that we live in a Sun-centered solar system (Earth goes around the Sun).
Telescope – a tool that helps us see things that are far away. A simple telescope is a tube that connects 2 lenses.
Eyepiece – the lens located at the end of a telescope that we look through with our eye. It focuses light coming through the tube collected by the objective lens at the other end of the tube.
Objective lens – the lens located at the other end of the telescope to collect light from planets and stars
Magnified – when an object being viewed (looked at) is made to appear bigger.
Does the object that is magnified become bigger? No, the object stays the same size. It just looks bigger so we can see it better.
Solar system – objects that move around a star
Galaxy – a large group of solar systems, stars, and other objects in space
Hubble Space Telescope – a famous modern telescope that takes pictures in space and sends them back to Earth.
Geologist – a scientist who studies rocks and what they are made of.
Geochemist – a scientist who studies how atoms and molecules make rocks, soils, minerals, and fuels
Structural Geologist – a scientist who studies how Earth is put together and how it changes – what makes mountains and valleys
Environmental Geologist – a scientist who studies how humans affect the water, air, and land quality of Earth.
Hypothesis – a statement about something - the answer to a question that you think is true
Experiment – something designed to test ideas and collect information
What are the steps of the Scientific Method:
1. Observe
2. Question
3. Form a Hypothesis
4. Design an experiment to test your hypothesis
5. Record the data (results) from the experiment
6. Analyze the data (think about what the results of the experiment tells you)
7. Make a Conclusion (Decide if your hypothesis is correct or incorrect)
Work – something that happens when a force moves an object
Stored Energy – energy that has not been used yet
What are the different types of stored energy:
- Chemical stored energy (example: food)
- Elastic stored energy (example: rubber band)
- Gravitational stored energy (example: a book falling & smashing an egg)
Inertia – keeps objects still and keeps objects moving.
Forces – make objects start to move, and forces stop objects from moving, but forces do not keep objects moving.
Friction – a force that will stop objects from moving
Gravity – a force that pulls objects to the earth
Who created the Ball Drop experiment? Galileo
What did the Ball Drop experiment prove? If a heavy ball and a light ball are dropped at the same time, they will both hit the ground at the same time.
Observation – when you look at something closely and notice details
Energy – something that gives something else the ability to do work
Energy is conserved – it doesn’t get lost. It just changes from one form to another form.
Mass – how heavy something is. Everything with mass has inertia. The more mass the more inertia something has.
Atoms – a very small element that everything in the universe is built with. You cannot see atoms with your eyes. Every object has mass because every object is made out of atoms. Some atoms can hook together (bond) with more atoms than others. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged.
Molecule – when 2 or more atoms are connected. It can make things taste different, feel different, look different, or smell different.
What atoms make water? 2 Hydrogen & 1 Oxygen
Chemical reaction – when molecules interact and atoms move places. The stored chemical energy inside the atoms and molecules is released and used to do work (rearranging the atoms)
Chemical stored energy – the energy stored in atoms and molecules
H – hydrogen
O – oxygen
C – Carbon
Na – Sodium
B – Boron
Au – Gold
K – Potassium
Mg – Magnesium
Fe – iron
N – nitrogen
Al – aluminum
I – iodine
Cl – chlorine
He – helium
Cu – copper
Zn – zinc
Li – lithium
Ca – calcium
All living things: reproduce, need nutrients, grow, move
Reproduce – make babies
Need – something a living thing must have
What do plants need to grow? Space, air, soil (sometimes), water, sunlight
Shelter – a safe place to live
Animal adaptation – when part of an animal changes (over generations – through many baby’s baby’s) to help them better survive
Examples of animal adaptations: bird beaks, bird feet (webbing helps ducks swim), fur, claws, jack rabbit ears (are big to cool the blood so they don’t overheat)
Habitat – the place something lives where all of their needs are met
List examples of habitats: desert, forest, meadow, grasslands, arctic, rainforest, ocean (coral reef)
What are 2 animals that live in each habitat?
Desert – tarantula, snake, jackrabbit, kangaroo mouse, scorpion
Forest – squirrel, bear, deer, birds, raccoon, moose, fox, owl
Meadow – deer, rabbits, mice, butterflies, birds, bees, frogs, foxes
Grasslands – giraffe, elephants, cheetah, lion, gazelle
Arctic – polar bear, penguins, Narwhal (unicorn whale), arctic fox, fish
Rainforest (jungle) – snakes, parrots, toucan, sloth, jaguar, frog, harpy eagle, gorilla
Ocean – fish, crabs, coral, dolphins, whales, anemone, sea turtles, oysters &clams, seals
Climate – the weather conditions in an area
Carnivore – something that eats meat – give examples of carnivores
Herbivore – something that eats plants – give examples of herbivores
Omnivores – something that eats plants and animals – give examples of omnivores
Predator – an animal that eats another animal
Prey – an animal that gets eaten by another animal
Food Chain – a group of living organisms that depend on each other for food. A small animal eats a plant, the small animal is eaten by a bigger animal, a bigger animal eats that animal, etc.
Living things change where they live. Examples: beavers build dams that change the ways water flows, tree roots can break rock or lift the sidewalk
Kingdoms – groups that scientists use to sort living things
What are the 5 Kingdoms: Plantae (plants), Animalia (animals), Monera (bacteria), Protista (algae, seaweed), & Fungi (mushrooms)
Cells – atoms & molecules in living things fit together to make cells. Cells are designed to fit together to make parts of living things. Cells are like cities because they have many parts that do different things.
Nucleus – the center part of a cell that holds important information called DNA
Golgi Apparatus – sorts and packages the proteins made by ribosomes
Ribosomes – the “factory” that makes proteins
Microtubules – roads that move proteins from place to place
Kinesin – the “trucks” that carry the proteins on the “road”
Organelle – “factories” inside the cell that do a special job
Chloroplast – a food factory (organelle) for a plant
Chlorophyll – the molecule that catches sunlight
Photosynthesis – the process plants use to turn sunlight into food
What part of the plant has chloroplasts? The green parts
What makes a part of a plant green? Chlorophyll molecule
Why do leaves change color? There isn’t enough sunlight in the winter for the leaves to make sugar for food. It takes a lot of energy for the tree to make food. When the tree senses that the days are getting shorter, the trees stop making chlorophyll, the leaves change color and fall off, and the tree goes to sleep.
What are the parts of a plant? Flower, stem, leaf, roots
Roots- the part of the plant that goes below the soil to get water and nutrients and hold the plant in place
Leaves – take in sunlight to make food for the plant
Stem – takes in sunlight to make food for the plant and transports nutrients
Flower – the part of the plant that turns into fruit and holds seeds for new plants
Microscopic – something so small you can only see it with a microscope
Seeds – new plants grow from seedsy8
Seed embryo – tiny baby plant inside the seed
Seedling – baby plants that have just started to grow from an embryo
Cycle – something that repeats itself
Life cycle – how life repeats itself.
Life cycle of a flowering plant – a seed is planted; it grows from an embryo to a seedling to a plant; the plant grows a flower; the flower turns into a fruit; the fruit contains seeds
What are the 5 main branches of science: Biology, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, Physics
Astronomy – the study of the cosmos (space and all the objects found in space)
Biology – the study of living organisms
Chemistry – the study of what things are made out of
Geology – the study of the Earth
Physics – the study of how things work - the rules of the cosmos
Cosmos – the Earth and everything that extends beyond Earth, including planets, stars, nebulae, asteroids, black holes, etc
Nicolaus Copernicus – an astronomer who use math to prove that the Earth moves around the Sun.
Did people believe Copernicus? No, and many were mad
Why were people upset with Copernicus? People do not like change or new ideas that change the way they understand the world around them.
Sighting tube – a hallow tube used to look at a piece of the sky
Tycho Brahe – an astronomer who used sighting tubes to discover that the stars move
Galileo Galilei – an astronomer who did experiments to prove that we live in a Sun-centered solar system (Earth goes around the Sun).
Telescope – a tool that helps us see things that are far away. A simple telescope is a tube that connects 2 lenses.
Eyepiece – the lens located at the end of a telescope that we look through with our eye. It focuses light coming through the tube collected by the objective lens at the other end of the tube.
Objective lens – the lens located at the other end of the telescope to collect light from planets and stars
Magnified – when an object being viewed (looked at) is made to appear bigger.
Does the object that is magnified become bigger? No, the object stays the same size. It just looks bigger so we can see it better.
Solar system – objects that move around a star
Galaxy – a large group of solar systems, stars, and other objects in space
Hubble Space Telescope – a famous modern telescope that takes pictures in space and sends them back to Earth.
Geologist – a scientist who studies rocks and what they are made of.
Geochemist – a scientist who studies how atoms and molecules make rocks, soils, minerals, and fuels
Structural Geologist – a scientist who studies how Earth is put together and how it changes – what makes mountains and valleys
Environmental Geologist – a scientist who studies how humans affect the water, air, and land quality of Earth.
Hypothesis – a statement about something - the answer to a question that you think is true
Experiment – something designed to test ideas and collect information
What are the steps of the Scientific Method:
1. Observe
2. Question
3. Form a Hypothesis
4. Design an experiment to test your hypothesis
5. Record the data (results) from the experiment
6. Analyze the data (think about what the results of the experiment tells you)
7. Make a Conclusion (Decide if your hypothesis is correct or incorrect)